Modern Methods of Collagen Extraction: A Comparative Analysis of Technologies and Their Applications

Abstract

This study bridges the gap between advanced biomaterial extraction and sustainable agricultural innovation. By leveraging state-of-the-art techniques, the research not only enhances the production of high-quality type I collagen but also demonstrates the potential for converting agricultural by-products into valuable biomaterials. The research addresses the pressing issue of extracting and purifying type I collagen for applications in nutraceuticals, cosmetics and biomedicine. The paper examines modern methods aimed at increasing protein yield while preserving its native triple-helical structure, as well as optimizing the process with regard to economic efficiency and environmental safety. Traditional acid and alkaline technologies, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasonic extraction, the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES), and supercritical CO₂ extraction are discussed. Each method is characterized by its own advantages and drawbacks: acid/alkaline dissolution depends on the quality of the raw material and requires prolonged processing times, enzymatic hydrolysis yields high output within a short period, and ultrasonic extraction demonstrates consistent results with a high degree of automation. Special emphasis is placed on the DES-based method, which can achieve a maximum yield (up to 96.01%) due to its low energy consumption and the possibility of solvent reuse. The comparative analysis enables an informed choice of technology tailored to specific production conditions – a crucial factor for scaling up the industrial production of type I collagen. This approach highlights the promising potential of integrating innovative methods into the manufacture of high-quality collagen.