Estimation of the Circadian Phase Difference in Weekend Sleep and Further Evidence for Our Failure to Sleep More on Weekends to Catch Up on Lost Sleep

Abstract

The circadian phase difference between morning and evening types is a fundamental aspect of chronotype. However, results of categorizations into chronotypes based on reported sleep times show low concordance with those based on measurements of the hormonal or physiological or molecular rhythm–markers of the circadian phase. This might be partially explained by the profound individual differences in the phase angle between the sleep–wake cycle and these rhythms that depends on chronotype, age, sex, and other factors. Here, we examined the possibility of using self-reported sleep times in the condition of 5-days-on/2-days-off school/work schedule to estimate circadian phase differences between various chronotypes. In an in silico study, we determined that, for such an estimation, similarities of the compared chronotypes in weekend sleep duration and weekend–weekday gap and in risetime are required. In the following empirical and simulation studies of sleep times reported by 4940 survey participants, we provided examples of the estimation of circadian differences between chronotypes, and the model-based simulations of sleep times in morning and evening types exemplified a way to confirm such estimations. The results of in silico, empirical, and simulation studies underscore the possibility of using bedtimes and risetimes for direct estimation of the circadian phase differences between individuals in real-life situations, such as a 5-days-on/2-days-off school/work schedule. Additionally, the results of these studies on different chronotypes provided further mathematical modeling and empirical evidence for our failure to sleep more on weekends to recover/compensate/pay back/ catch up on lost sleep.