Toward AI-Assisted Precision Diagnostics in Breast Cancer: Source-Group-Preserving Evaluation of Class-Imbalance Strategies for Ordered ER-IHC Segmentation

Abstract

Estrogen receptor immunohistochemistry (ER-IHC) exhibits heterogeneous staining and substantial class imbalance, complicating segmentation of ordered expression categories. We evaluated whether class weighting, minority-focused crop sampling, adaptive minority curriculum (AMC), and Focal–Tversky optimization improved a common ResUNet-DS backbone for segmenting background/non-target pixels and C1 ER-negative, C2 weak-positive, C3 moderate-positive, and C4 strong-positive foreground categories. Methods: The dataset comprised 220 paired (Formula presented.) image–mask patches organized into 44 recovered five-patch source groups. A source-group-preserving nested five-fold design used outer folds of 45, 45, 45, 45, and 40 patches. Six controlled training conditions were compared, with four independently selected inner models ensembled for each condition and outer fold. Results: Unweighted random training achieved the best numerical mean for all five primary endpoints: foreground Dice ( (Formula presented.) ), C2–C4 Dice ( (Formula presented.) ), foreground IoU ( (Formula presented.) ), foreground quadratically weighted kappa ( (Formula presented.) ), and foreground-ordinal MAE ( (Formula presented.) ). Weighted random training was the strongest weighted/minority-sensitive condition but did not exceed the unweighted reference. None of 25 paired outer-fold comparisons reached (Formula presented.) ; the minimum raw p-value was (Formula presented.), and all Holm-adjusted p-values were (Formula presented.). A 20,000-replicate paired source-group bootstrap preserved the same overall ordering. Conclusions: More complex imbalance-handling strategies did not improve aggregate segmentation over unweighted training. Post hoc analyses showed scope-dependent probability quality and error ranking. IHC4BC provided expression-ordering consistency but not direct external segmentation validation. The findings support preliminary source-group-preserving methodological evidence rather than patient-level, whole-slide, or clinical validity.